Moisture sensitive element

ABSTRACT

A moisture sensitive element for detecting humidity variations through sensing variations in electric resistance using a porous metal oxide ceramic. At least either phorphorus or sulfur is incorporated in and supported by the porous metal oxide ceramic with the phosphorus or sulfur being applied in either a pure or oxide form.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a moisture sensitive element of the type which detects variations in humidity with electric resistance.

Moisture sensitive elements which detect variations in humidity by sensing variations of electric signals are used as moisture sensors in automatic humidity control apparatus such as room air conditioners.

One known type of moisture sensor is described, for example, in Japanese Pat. Publications No. 31836/79 and No. 49705/80. It is comprised of an insulative substrate on which a pair of electrodes are disposed, and moisture located between the electrodes will be detected

This sensor, however, cannot detect delicate variations of humidity in the surrounding atmosphere.

Another type of prior art moisture sensor comprises a porous metal oxide ceramic plate and a pair of electrodes formed on the same surface or on opposite surface of the ceramic plate. This type of the sensor relies on the excellent hygroscopicity generally exhibited by the metal oxide ceramic. The metal oxide ceramic exhibits significant variation in electric resistance in response to the variation of humidity in the surrounding atmosphere. It is supposed that the variation in electric resistance of the metal oxide ceramic is caused by the movement of protons in the H₂ O molecule adsorbed on the surface and on the wall of porosity of the metal oxide ceramic.

However, the humidity-resistance characteristics of this moisture sensor change as time passes because of the adsorption of contaminants such as oil mist, powdered dust, miscellaneous gases and so on onto and into the ceramic as well as the chemisorption occurring between the metal oxide ceramic and part of H₂ O molecule adsorbed thereon. In the worst case the moisture sensor would not even exhibit humidity-resistance characteristics.

To eliminate the above-mentioned defect, a method which heats the ceramic at a high temperature so as to desorb the oil mist, powdered dust, miscellaneous gases and H₂ O molecule from the ceramics was employed.

In this method, however, the effect of heating is not enough when the temperature of heat is less than 400° C. Therefore, a great deal of electric power is required to effectively heat the moisture sensor and it is not efficient to apply this method to general electronic control circuits. Further, the material disposed around or on which the moisture sensor is mounted must be comprised of an incombustible material. Still further, the moisture sensitive element has to be heated every 30-60 minutes so as to desorb the contaminants. Further, since the moisture sensor cannot be operated during the heating and cooling process, it cannot monitor the humidity continuously if heating is used to remove contaminants.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide a moisture sensitive element in which the humidity-resistance characteristics do not significantly change as time passes.

In accordance with the preferred embodiment of this invention, the moisture sensitive element includes an improved moisture sensing element which exhibits significantly better and more consistent response in electric resistance variations in response to variations in relative humidity. A predetermined amount of phosphorus or sulfur is incorporated into the porous metal oxide ceramic and adhered thereto and is thus supported by the ceramic material. The phosphorus or sulfur can be applied either in a pure form or an oxide form. Further, the moisture sensitive element made according to this composition exhibits stable characteristics even over a relatively long lapse of time.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

This invention can be more fully understood from the following detailed description when taken in connection with reference to the accompanying drawing, in which:

FIG. 1A shows a plan view of a preferred embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 1B shows a section of the device taken along the line 1B--1B of FIG. 1A looking in the direction of the arrows;

FIG. 2 illustrates a graph showing relationship between the humidity and electric resistance of the moisture sensitive element according to the present invention which the phosphorus is supported by a ZnO ceramics body, and a prior art moisture sensitive element, respectively, in which a and b are the initial values, and a' and b' are the values of 500 hours after;

FIG. 3 illustrates a graph showing relationship between the humidity and electric resistance of the moisture sensitive element according to the present invention which the phosphorus is supported by an Fe₂ O₃ layer, and a prior art moisture sensitive element, respectively, in which a and b are the initial values, and a' and b' are the values of 500 hours after;

FIGS. 4 to 8, 9 to 12, and 13 to 16 illustrate graphs showing the relationship between the humidity and electric resistance of moisture sensitive elements produced according to the present invention which the phosphorus is supported by a ceramic body having ZnO, SnO₂ and Cr₂ O₃ as a principal component, and prior art moisture sensitive elements, respectively, in which a and b are the initial values, and a' and b' are the values of 1000 hours after.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

This invention is based on the discovery that the humidity-resistance characteristics of the moisture sensitive element comprised of the porous metal oxide ceramic on which at least either phosphorus (hereinafter P) or sulfur (hereinafter S) is supported, at least in a pure form or in an oxide form does not significantly change even after a long period of time in comparison with its initial characteristics.

It is not fully understood why the moisture sensitive element of the present invention shows such an excellent retention of its characteristics but it is assumed that the surface of the metal oxide ceramic is reformed to a stable property with respect to moisture.

In the moisture sensitive element of the present invention, the amount of P or S supported in pure form i.e., elemental phosphorus or sulfur, is present in the range of about 0.1 to about 2.0 percent by weight. However, the phosphorus or sulfur may also be in the form of an oxide. Further, both phosphorus and sulphur can be combined and incorporated into or supported on the ceramic substrate and in this instance, as well, the amount of the combination of phosphorus and sulphur can also range from about 0.1 to about 2.0 weight percent. However, when the amount of P or S supported is less than about 0.1 weight percent, the humidity-resistance characteristics are not improved because the amount of adsorption of P or S on the surface of the ceramic is not sufficient. Likewise, when the amount of P or S supported is in excess of about 2.0 weight percent, the electric resistance of the moisture sensitive element elevates too high for the measurement of the resistance.

In the moisture sensitive element of the invention, any porous metal oxide ceramic having the humidity-resistance characteristics may be employed. For example, ZnO, Fe₂ O₃, SnO₂, MgO, Cr₂ O₃, BaO, TiO₂, Fe₃ O₄, MgO.Cr₂ O₃, BaO.TiO₂ or MnO.Fe₂ O₃, or another compounded oxide which other oxide is added to the above mentioned oxide is usually used.

The following compounded oxides containing ZnO as the main element exhibit excellent humidity-resistance characteristics when at least either P or S is supported by them. The compounded oxide comprises about 70 to about 99 mole percent of ZnO and about 1 to about 30 mole percent of at least one material selected from the group consisting of MgO, CaO, CoO and MnO, about 40 to about 99 mole percent of ZnO and about 1 to about 60 mole percent of at least one material selected from the group consisting of TiO₂, SnO₂, ZrO₂ and SiO₂, about 60 to about 90 mole percent of ZnO and about 10 to about 40 mole percent of at least either WO₃ or MoO₃, about 60 to about 99 mole percent of ZnO and about 1 to about 40 mole percent of at least either Cr₂ O₃ or Fe₂ O₃, or about 85 to about 95 mole percent of ZnO and about 5 to about 15 mole percent of V₂ O₅.

The following compounded oxides containing SnO₂ as the main element also exhibit excellent humidity-resistance characteristics when at least either P or S is supported by them. The compounded oxide is comprised of about 50 to about 99.9 mole percent of SnO₂ and about 0.1 to about 50 mole percent of at least one material selected from the group consisting of MgO, CaO, CoO, MnO, SrO, NiO and CuO, about 60 to about 99.9 mole percent of SnO₂ and about 0.1 to about 40 mole percent of at least either WO₃ or MoO₃, about 60 to about 99.9 mole percent of SnO₂ and about 0.1 to about 40 mole percent of at least one material selected from the group consisting of Al₂ O₃, Ga₂ O₃ and In₂ O₃, or about 75 to about 99.9 mole percent of SnO₂ and about 0.1 to about 25 mole percent of at least one material selected from the group consisting of V₂ O₅, Nb₂ O₅ and Ta₂ O₅.

Further, the following compounded oxides containing Cr₂ O₃ as the main element also exhibit excellent humidity-resistance characteristics when either P or S is supported by them. The compounded oxide is comprised of about 30 to about 80 mole percent of Cr₂ O₃ and about 20 to about 70 mole percent of at least one material selected from the group consisting of MgO, NiO, CoO and MnO, about 40 to about 80 mole percent of Cr₂ O₃ and about 20 to about 60 mole percent of at least one material selected from the group consisting of TiO₂, SnO₂, ZrO₂ and SiO₂, about 60 to about 90 mole percent of Cr₂ O₃ and about 10 to about 40 mole percent of at least either WO₃ or MoO₃, about 70 to about 90 mole percent of Cr₂ O₃ and about 10 to about 30 mole percent of at least one material selected from the group consisting of V₂ O₅, Nb₂ O₅ and Ta₂ O₅.

When the content of each element in these compounded oxides is out of the above-mentioned range, the electric resistance of the ceramics elevates so high (about over 5000 KΩ) that the variation of electric resistance of the ceramic reduced as compared with the variation of humidity. As a result, the moisture sensitive element cannot be put to practical use. Further, the compounded oxides within the above composition ranges have excellent sintering properties and mechanical strength.

The moisture sensitive element of this invention may be prepared in the following manner. Raw material oxides accurately weighed out in prescribed amount are mixed together with, for example, ethyl alcohol or ethylene glycol in a ball mill and then dried. The mixed oxides are calcined at 700 degrees to 1000 degrees C. as occasion demands and pulverized into powder. The powder thus obtained is mixed with a binder such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and liquid paraffin, and the mixture is shaped under a pressure of about 500 to 2000 kg/cm², into, for example, a plate having a width of 10 mm, a length of 20 mm and a thickness of 1 mm. The plate is sintered at about 1000 degrees to 1300 degrees C. generally in air. During sintering, it is kept at a maximum temperature for 0.5 to 2 hours.

In this invention, the ceramic has to have a porous structure and preferably the integral distribution of the porosity of over 10 Angstroms in size is 0.1 to 0.002 cc/g to the weight (g) of the ceramic. Since the porous structure may be obtained under the condition which, for example, the grain size of raw material oxide is 0.1 to 2.0 μm, the shaping pressure is 500 to 2000 kg/cm², the sintering temperature, 1000 to 1300 degrees C. and the sintering time is 0.5 to 2 hours.

A pair of electrodes are formed on the same surface or each opposite surface of the ceramic prepared as above by painting a conductive paste such as a gold paste, a platinum paste, a ruthenium oxide paste or a carbon paste on the ceramic and then burning it together. Finally, the pure form and/or oxide form of at least either P or S is supported by the ceramics. Either P or S may be supported by the ceramic in the following manner. A solution containing either P or S is impregnated into the ceramics and then decomposed by heat. Either the pure form or the oxide of either P or S in the solution is retained on the surface of the ceramic or on the walls of pores of the ceramic by the thermal decomposition in the heat treatment. The solution comprises, for example, organic phosphorous acid solution such as triethyl phosphate, trimethyl phosphate, tributyl phosphate, tri-p-cresyl phosphate and tri-o-cresyle phosphate, inorganic phosphorous acid solution such as phosphoric acid, phosphorous acid and pyrophosphoric acid, or organic sulfur solution such as ethyl sulfide, vinyl sulfide, phenyl sulfide, benzyl sulfide, methyl sulfide, triethylphosphine sulfide and diethyl sulfide. These solutions may be mixed or used singly.

It is preferable that the impregnation of the solution is carried out under a reduced pressure or a vacuum to uniformly impregnate the solution into even the center of the ceramic.

The ceramic thus obtained is thereafter heated. The temperature must be about the temperature of thermal decomposition of the solution. However, the upper limit of the temperature is 700 degrees C., preferably 550 degrees C. When the temperature is over 700 degrees C. the effect of supporting is not enough because P or S supported by the ceramic is vaporized or coagulated. Conversely, when the temperature is too low, the effect of supporting is not also enough because P or S cannot adhere to the ceramic.

The moisture sensitive element of the present invention also may be produced by supporting P or S by a metal oxide layer formed on a substrate such as an alumina or magnesia by the thick film method, for example, sputtering vacuum evaporation.

The moisture sensitive element of the present invention constructed as above has excellent humidity-resistance characteristics. Namely, the change of the humidity resistance characteristics with passage of time is very small so that continuous and reliable monitoring of humidity is possible.

This invention will be more clearly understood with reference to the following exemplary Examples.

EXAMPLE 1

Powder of ZnO with the particle size of 0.1 to 2.0 μm was dried at 150 degrees C. for two hours and then mixed with 5 percent polyvinyl alcohol of 8 weight percent for about 20 minutes by mixer. The mixture thus obtained was placed in a cylinder and a pressure of 1000 kg/cm² at about 25 degrees C. was applied to make a ceramic disc.

The ceramic disc was heated in an electric furnace at 1100 degrees C. for an hour and then ground by silicon abrasives of #3000. Thus, a ceramic disc having a diameter of 10 mm and a thickness of 1.0 mm was obtained as shown in FIG. 1A at 20. This ceramic disc 20 had 0.050 cc/g of the integral distribution of pores of over 37 Angstroms in size. A gold paste was spread on both surfaces of disc 20 and then gold mesh type electrodes 22 and 22' having the diameter of 8.0 mm were formed by baking at 750 degrees C.

The ceramic disc was steeped in triethyl phosphate including P of 18 weight percent at 10⁻³ Torr for 2 hours and was dried at 100 degrees C. for an hour. The ceramic disc thus obtained was heated in an electric furnace at 550 degrees C. for half an hour. The moisture sensitive element prepared as above was found in the chemical analysis that P supported by the ceramic was 0.8 weight percent to the weight of the ceramic.

Copper lead lines 24 and 26 were connected to the gold electrodes 22 and 22', respectively and an impedance measuring circuit was connected to the copper lines. The relationship between relative humidity (percent) and electric resistance (KΩ), which are initial humidity-resistance characteristics, were then measured under a constant temperature and humidity. The result is shown in FIG. 2 and Example 1 of Table 1. The humidity-resistance characteristics were measured again after 500 hours and the result is also shown in FIG. 2 and Example 1 of Table 1. In FIG. 2 curve "a" presents the initial characteristics while curve "a'" presents the characteristics after 500 hours of use.

Table 1 shows the initial electric resistance values R₁ and R₂ under the relative humidity of 30 percent and 90 percent, respectively, the electric resistance values R₁ ', and R₂ ' of 500 hours after under the relative humidity of 30 percent and 90 percent, respectively, and the change rate (R₁ '-R₁)/R₁ ×100 and (R₂ '-R₂)/R₂ ×100.

As a comparison, the humidity-resistance characteristics of a prior art element formed of ZnO ceramic by which P was not supported are also shown in FIG. 2 and control 1 of Table 1. In FIG. 2a curve "b" presents the initial characteristics and a curve "b'" presents the characteristics of 500 hours after.

As is apparent from the above results, the humidity-resistance characteristics of the prior art element exhibit a great change with passage of time. However, that of the moisture sensitive element of the present invention does not significantly change with passage of time. Therefore, the moisture sensitive element of the present invention has a great reliability when used in continuous monitoring applications.

EXAMPLE 2

A ZnO ceramic disc was made in the same manner as in Example 1. S was supported by the ZnO ceramic disc in the same manner as Example 1 except for use of 35 weight percent ethyl sulfide as an impregnation solution. The moisture sensitive element thus obtained had 0.9 weight percent of S.

In the same manner as Example 1, the humidity-resistance characteristics of the disc initially and after 500 hours were measured. The result was shown in Example 2 of Table 1.

EXAMPLES 3 TO 16

A plurality of moisture sensitive elements, on which either P or S was supported by ceramic discs made of metal oxide shown in EXAMPLES 3 to 16 of Table 1, were manufactured, and several kinds of moisture sensitive elements (controls 2 to 8) on which neither P nor S was supported by the ceramic disc were manufactured. The characteristics of the example elements and control elements were measured and are as shown in Table 1.

As shown in Table 1 and FIG. 2, according to the present invention the rate of moisture sensitive variation is very small so that the continuous and reliable monitoring of humidity is possible.

EXAMPLES 17 TO 23

A plurality of moisture sensitive elements, on which both P and S were supported by the ceramic discs made of the metal oxide shown in EXAMPLES 17 to 23 of Table 2, were made again in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the impregnation solution was changed to a mixture of triethyl phosphate containing P of 18 weight percent and ethyl sulfide containing S of 35 weight percent (mixed rate: 1:1).

The amount of P and S supported by the metal oxide ceramic were equal to each other.

The characteristics of the moisture sensitive elements were measured, and are shown in Table 2.

As Table 2 shows, the rate of electric resistance variation is very small.

EXAMPLE 24

A sintered alumina having a length of 20 mm, a width of 10 mm and a thickness of 0.5 mm was prepared. A pair of interdigital metal electrodes were formed on the sintered alumina. On the thick film type moisture sensitive element thus prepared, P was supported, and the characteristics were measured. The results are set forth in Example 24 of FIG. 3 and Table 3. As a comparison, the characteristics of an element on which P is not supported were measured, and are also shown in control 9 of FIG. 3 and Table 3. As FIG. 3 and Table 3 shows, the rate of moisture sensitive variation of the element of the invention is small.

EXAMPLES 25 TO 132

The moisture sensitive elements, which satisfy the specification as shown in Examples 25 to 132 and controls 10 to 67 of Table 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26 and 28, were made in the same manner as in Example 1.

The humidity-resistance characteristics of these moisture sensitive elements were measured, and are shown in Tables 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27 and 29 and the characteristics of Examples 25, 34, 46, 52, 59, 63, 74, 83, 92, 100, 109, 117 and 125 and controls 10, 15, 20, 24, 29, 33, 37, 41, 45, 49, 54, 59 and 64 are shown in FIGS. 4 to 16.

From these results it is clear that moisture sensitive elements can be formed using either ZnO, SnO₂ or Cr₂ O₃ as the base element forming the porous metal oxide ceramic on which either P or S was supported. Each form exhibited excellent humidity resistance characteristics and the rate of moisture sensitive variation was very small.

Exemplary structured formed using ZnO, SnO₂ and Cr₂ O₃ as the base material for the porous ceramic are as follows:

(1) ZnO as the porous metal oxide ceramic with various compounded oxides as follows:

(a) about 70 to about 99 mole percent of ZnO and about 1 to about 30 mole percent of at least one material selected from the group consisting of MgO, CaO, CoO and MnO,

(b) about 40 to about 99 mole percent of ZnO and about 1 to about 60 mole percent of at least one material selected from the group consisting of TiO₂, SnO₂, ZrO₂ and SiO₂,

(c) about 60 to about 90 mole of ZnO and about 10 to about 40 mole percent of at least either WO₃ or MoO₃,

(d) about 60 to about 99 mole percent of ZnO and about 1 to about 40 mole percent of at least either Cr₂ O₃ or Fe₂ O₃, or

(e) about 85 to about 90 mole percent of ZnO and about 5 to about 15 mole percent of V₂ O₅.

(2) SnO₂ as the porous metl oxide ceramic with various compounded oxides as follows:

(a) about 50 to about 99.9 mole percent of SnO₂ and about 0.1 to about 50 mole percent of at least one material selected from the group consisting of MgO, CaO, CoO, MnO, SrO, NiO and CuO,

(b) about 60 to about 99.9 mole percent of SnO₂ and about 0.1 to about 40 mole percent of at least either WO₃ or MoO₃,

(c) about 60 to about 99.9 mole percent of SnO₂ and about 0.1 to about 40 mole percent of at least one material selected from the group consisting of Al₂ O₃, Ga₂ O₃ and In₂ O₃, or

(d) about 75 to about 99.5 mole percent of SnO₂ and about 0.1 to about 25 mole percent of at least one material selected from the group consisting of V₂ O₅, Nb₂ O₅ and Ta₂ O₅.

(3) Cr₂ O₃ as the porous metal oxide ceramic with various compounded oxides as follows:

(a) about 30 to about 80 mole percent of Cr₂ O₃ and about 20 to about 70 mole percent of at least one material selected from the group consisting of MgO, NiO, CoO and MnO,

(b) about 40 to about 80 mole percent of Cr₂ O₃ and about 20 to about 60 mole percent of at least one material selected from the group consisting of TiO₂, SnO₂, ZrO₂ and SiO₂,

(c) about 60 to about 90 mole percent of Cr₂ O₃ and about 10 to about 40 mole percent of at least either WO₃ or MoO₃, or

(d) about 70 to aout 90 mole percent of Cr₂ O₃ and about 10 to about 30 mole percent of at least one material selected from the group consisting of V₂ O₅, Nb₂ O₅ and Ta₂ O₅.

As described above, the moisture sensitive element according to the present invention has the excellent humidity-resistance characteristics and that the rate of moisture sensitive variation is very small.

While in many changes and modifications in the above-described embodiments can, of course, be carried out without departing from the scope of the present invention, that scope is intended to be limited only by the scope of the appended claims.

                                      TABLE 1                                      __________________________________________________________________________     COMPOSITION                                                                    OF MOISTURE               INITIAL  500 HOURS AFTER                                                                            RATE OF VARIATION               SENSITIVE      Supporting                                                                           Amount                                                                              R.sub.1                                                                             R.sub.2                                                                            R.sub.1                                                                              R.sub.2 '                                                                            (R.sub.1 ' - R.sub.1)/R.sub                                                    .1      (R.sub.2 ' -                                                                   R.sub.2)/R.sub.2        ELEMENT        Material                                                                             (wt %)                                                                              (kΩ)                                                                          (kΩ)                                                                         (kΩ)                                                                           (kΩ)                                                                           (%)     (%)                     __________________________________________________________________________     Example 1                                                                            ZnO      P     0.8  3200 45  3600  48    +12.5   +6.7                    Example 2                                                                            ZnO      S     0.9  1800 24  2068  26    +14.9   +8.3                    Example 3                                                                            Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3                                                                        P     0.6  2200 30  2150  29    -2.3    -3.3                    Example 4                                                                            SnO.sub.2                                                                               "     0.7  1250 98  1290  96    13.2    -2.0                    Example 5                                                                            Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3                                                                        "     "    18300                                                                               290 18000 265   -1.6    -8.6                    Example 6                                                                            Fe.sub.3 O.sub.4                                                                        "     0.6  1150 85  1170  93    +1.7    +9.4                    Example 7                                                                            MgO.Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3                                                                    "     0.7  5100 270 5100  255   0       - 5.6                   Example 8                                                                            BaO.TiO.sub.2                                                                           "     0.8  920  38  900   40    -2.2    +5.6                    Example 9                                                                            MnO.Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3                                                                    "     "    3550 720 3470  680   -2.3    -5.6                    Example 10                                                                           Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3                                                                        S     0.7  1580 44  1660  46    +5.1    +4.5                    Example 11                                                                           SnO.sub.2                                                                               "     0.8  875  21  900   22    12.9    14.8                    Example 12                                                                           Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3                                                                        "     "    17700                                                                               205 17300 195   2.3     -4.9                    Example 13                                                                           Fe.sub.3 O.sub.4                                                                        "     "    980  90  1020  91    +4.1    +1.1                    Example 14                                                                           MgO.Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3                                                                    "     "    4000 250 5100  265   +4.1    +6                      Example 15                                                                           BaO.TiO.sub.2                                                                           "     0.9  640  32  610   28    -1.7    -12.5                   Example 16                                                                           MnO.Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3                                                                    "     "    3500 640 3350  600   -4.3    -6.3                    Control 1                                                                            ZnO      --    --   2100 43  5200  720   +148    +1574                   Control 2                                                                            Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3                                                                        --    --   1300 50  1100  280   -15.4   +460                    Control 3                                                                            SnO.sub.2                                                                               --    --   980  115 760   195   -22.4   +69.6                   Control 4                                                                            Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3                                                                        --    --   >20000                                                                              230 >20000                                                                               1200  --      +422                    Control 5                                                                            Fe.sub.3 O.sub.4                                                                        --    --   1070 65  2120  143   1981    +120                    Control 6                                                                            MgO.Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3                                                                    --    --   5500 300 >20000                                                                               1000  >1264   +233                    Control 7                                                                            BaO.TiO.sub.2                                                                           --    --   660  23  1210  85    +83.3   +270                    Control 8                                                                            MnO.Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3                                                                    --    --   4350 1020                                                                               5600  3100  +28.7   +204                    __________________________________________________________________________

                                      TABLE 2                                      __________________________________________________________________________     COMPOSITION                                                                    OF MOISTURE    RATIO                                                                               SUPPORTING                                                                             INITIAL 500 HOURS AFTER                                                                           RATE OF THE VARIATION           SENSITIVE      OF   AMOUNT  R.sub.1                                                                            R.sub.2                                                                            R.sub.1 '                                                                            R.sub.2 '                                                                           (R.sub.1 ' - R.sub.1)/R.sub                                                    .1      (R.sub.2 ' -                                                                   R.sub.2)/R.sub.2        ELEMENT        P & S                                                                               (wt %)  (kΩ)                                                                         (kΩ)                                                                         (kΩ)                                                                           (kΩ)                                                                          (%)     (%)                     __________________________________________________________________________     Example 17                                                                           ZnO      1    0.8     2800                                                                               40  2850  43   11.8    17.5                    Example 18                                                                           Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3                                                                        "    0.7     2300                                                                               45  2150  41   -6.5    -8.9                    Example 19                                                                           SnO.sub.2                                                                               "    "       1070                                                                               85  1200  78   112.1   -8.2                    Example 20                                                                           Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3                                                                        "    "       16000                                                                              350 14300 310  -10.6   -11.4                   Example 21                                                                           Fe.sub.3 O.sub.4                                                                        "    "       1200                                                                               80  1310  85   19.2    +6.3                    Example 22                                                                           MgO.Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3                                                                    "    0.8     6200                                                                               215 6450  220  +4.0    +2.3                    Example 23                                                                           MnO.Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3                                                                    "    "       4030                                                                               920 3900  830  -3.2    -9.8                    __________________________________________________________________________

                                      TABLE 3                                      __________________________________________________________________________     COMPOSITION                                                                    OF MOISTURE                  INITIAL                                                                               500 HOURS AFTER                                                                           RATE OF THE VARIATION           SENSITIVE      SUPPORTING                                                                             AMOUNT                                                                               R.sub.1                                                                           R.sub.2                                                                            R.sub.1 '                                                                            R.sub.2 '                                                                           (R.sub.1 ' - R.sub.1)/R.sub                                                    .1      (R.sub.2 ' -                                                                   R.sub.2)/R.sub.2        ELEMENTS       MATERIAL                                                                               (Wt %)                                                                               (kΩ)                                                                        (kΩ)                                                                         (kΩ)                                                                           (kΩ)                                                                          (%)     (%)                     __________________________________________________________________________     Example 24                                                                           Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3                                                                        P       0.6   2100                                                                              25  2300  27   +9.5    +8.0                    Control 9                                                                            Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3                                                                        --      --    880                                                                               41  780   200  -11.4   +388                    __________________________________________________________________________

                                      TABLE 4                                      __________________________________________________________________________                                      SINTER-                                                                  SHAPING                                                                              ING   SINTER-           HEATING                                          PRES- TEMPER-                                                                              ING         CONSIS-                                                                              TEMPER-               COMPOSITION                SURE  ATURE TIME  SOLU- TENCY ATURE                 ZnO      CaO                                                                               CoO                                                                               MgO                                                                               MnO                                                                               BINDER                                                                               (Kg/cm.sup.2)                                                                        (° C.)                                                                        (hr)  TION  (wt %)                                                                               (°C.)          __________________________________________________________________________     Example 25                                                                           86.5                                                                              13.5                                                                              -- -- -- PVA   1,000 1100  2     Triethyl                                                                             18    550                                                                Phosphate                         Example 26                                                                           "  "  -- -- -- "     "     "     "     Ethyl 35    "                                                                  Sulfide                           Example 27                                                                           99.4                                                                               0.6                                                                              -- -- -- "     "     "     "     Triethyl                                                                             18    550                                                                Phosphate                         Example 28                                                                           93.5                                                                               6.5                                                                              -- -- -- "     "     "     "     "     "     "                     Example 29                                                                           78.8                                                                              21.2                                                                              -- -- -- "     "     "     "     "     20    "                     Example 30                                                                           89.0                                                                              -- -- 11.0                                                                              -- "     "     "     "     "     "     "                     Example 31                                                                           85.0                                                                              -- 9.8                                                                                5.2                                                                              -- "     "     "     "     "     "     "                     Example 32                                                                           77.6                                                                               6.9                                                                              5.1                                                                                5.5                                                                              4.9                                                                               "     "     "     "     "     "     "                     Example 33                                                                           89.0                                                                              -- -- 11.0                                                                              -- "     "     "     "     Ethyl 35    "                                                                  Sulfide                           Control 10                                                                           86.5                                                                              13.5                                                                              -- -- -- "     "     "     "           --    --                    Control 11                                                                           99.7                                                                               0.3                                                                              -- -- -- "     "     "     "     Triethyl                                                                             18    550                                                                Phosphate                         Control 12                                                                           70.5                                                                              29.5                                                                              -- -- -- "     "     "     "     "     "     "                     Control 13                                                                           86.5                                                                              13.5                                                                              -- -- -- "     "     "     "     "     "     700                   Control 14                                                                           89.0                                                                              -- -- 11.0                                                                              -- "     "     "     "     "     "     "                     __________________________________________________________________________

                                      TABLE 5                                      __________________________________________________________________________                                          INITIAL                                                                               1,000 Hours After                  COMPOSITION            SUPPORTING                                                                             AMOUNT                                                                               R.sub.1                                                                            R.sub.2                                                                           R.sub.1 '                                                                           R.sub.2 '                     ZnO       CaO CoO                                                                               MgO                                                                               MnO                                                                               MATERIAL                                                                               (wt %)                                                                               (KΩ)                                                                         (KΩ)                                                                        (KΩ)                                                                          (KΩ                     __________________________________________________________________________     Example 25                                                                           8.0 20  -- -- -- P       0.9   3200                                                                               45 3700 49                            Example 26                                                                           "   "   -- -- -- S       1.0   4900                                                                               87 5100 91                            Example 27                                                                             99.0                                                                               1.0                                                                              -- -- -- P       0.9   4600                                                                               390                                                                               4800 420                           Example 28                                                                           90  10  -- -- -- "       "     2700                                                                               190                                                                               2900 220                           Example 29                                                                           70  30  -- -- -- "       "     6500                                                                               240                                                                               6800 280                           Example 30                                                                           80  --  -- 20 -- "       "     4300                                                                               82 4500 84                            Example 31                                                                           "   --  10 10 -- "       "     3700                                                                               67 3900 70                            Example 32                                                                           70  10   5 "  5  "       "     7700                                                                               310                                                                               7900 330                           Example 33                                                                           80  --  -- 20 -- S       1.0   5200                                                                               69 5300 71                            Control 10                                                                           "   20  -- -- -- --      --    1060                                                                               35 5800 230                           Control 11                                                                             99.5                                                                               0.5                                                                              -- -- -- P       0.9   5900                                                                               870                                                                               6100 900                           Control 12                                                                           60  40  -- -- -- "       "     25000                                                                              3300                                                                              26000                                                                               3900                          Control 13                                                                           80  20  -- -- -- "       "     2300                                                                               49 1900 240                           Control 14                                                                           "   --  -- 20 -- "       "     4600                                                                               95 7800 540                           __________________________________________________________________________

                                      TABLE 6                                      __________________________________________________________________________                                      SINTER-                                                                  SHAPING                                                                              ING   SINTER            HEATING                                          PRES- TEMPER-                                                                              ING         CONSIS-                                                                              TEMPER-               COMPOSITION           BIND-                                                                               SURE  ATURE TIME  SOLU- TENCY ATURE                 ZnO      TiO.sub.2                                                                         SnO.sub.2                                                                         ZrO.sub.2                                                                          SiO.sub.2                                                                         ER   (Kg/cm.sup.2)                                                                        (°C.)                                                                         (hr)  TION  (wt %)                                                                               (°             __________________________________________________________________________                                                              C.)                   Example 34                                                                           70.4                                                                              29.6                                                                              -- --  -- PVA  1,000 1200  2     Triethyl                                                                             18    500                                                                Phosphate                         Example 35                                                                           "  "  -- --  -- "    "     "     "     Ethyl 35    "                                                                  Sulfide                           Example 36                                                                           99.0                                                                               1.0                                                                              -- --  -- "    "     "     "     Triethyl                                                                             18    500                                                                Phosphate                         Example 37                                                                           80.3                                                                              19.7                                                                              -- --  -- "    "     "     "     "     "     "                     Example 38                                                                           60.4                                                                              39.6                                                                              -- --  -- "    "     "     "     "     "     "                     Example 39                                                                           55.7                                                                              -- 44.3                                                                              --  -- "    "     "     "     "     "     "                     Example 40                                                                           60.7                                                                              -- -- 39.3                                                                               -- "    "     "     "     "     "     "                     Example 41                                                                           76.0                                                                              -- -- --  24.0                                                                              "    "     "     "     "     "     "                     Example 42                                                                           64.7                                                                              18.2                                                                              17.1                                                                              --  -- "    "     "     "     "     "     "                     Example 43                                                                           54.1                                                                               8.9                                                                              16.7                                                                              13.6                                                                                6.7                                                                              "    "     "     "     "     "     "                     Example 44                                                                           55.7                                                                              -- 44.3                                                                              --  -- "    "     "     "     Ethyl 35    "                                                                  Sulfide                           Example 45                                                                           64.7                                                                              18.2                                                                              17.1                                                                              --  -- "    "     "     "     "     "     "                     Control 15                                                                           70.4                                                                              29.6                                                                              -- --  -- "    "     "     "     --    --    --                    Control 16                                                                           99.5                                                                               0.5                                                                              -- --  -- "    "     "     "     Triethyl                                                                             18    500                                                                Phosphate                         Control 17                                                                           30.4                                                                              69.6                                                                              -- --  -- "    "     "     "     "     "     "                     Control 18                                                                           70.4                                                                              29.6                                                                              -- --  -- "    "     "     "     "     "     700                   Control 19                                                                           64.7                                                                              18.2                                                                              17.1                                                                              --  -- "    "     "     "     "     "     "                     __________________________________________________________________________

                                      TABLE 7                                      __________________________________________________________________________                                           INITIAL                                                                             1,000 Hours After                   COMPOSITION            SUPPORTING                                                                             AMOUNT                                                                               R.sub.1                                                                           R.sub.2                                                                           R.sub.1 '                                                                           R.sub.2 '                      ZnO       TiO.sub.2                                                                         SnO.sub.2                                                                         ZrO.sub.2                                                                          SiO.sub.2                                                                         MATERIAL                                                                               (wt %)                                                                               (KΩ)                                                                        (KΩ)                                                                        (KΩ)                                                                          (KΩ)                     __________________________________________________________________________     Example 34                                                                           70  30 -- --  -- P       0.8   1900                                                                              60 1950 65                             Example 35                                                                           "   "  -- --  -- S       0.9   2200                                                                              80 2300 90                             Example 36                                                                           99  1  -- --  -- P       0.8   3200                                                                              210                                                                               3300 230                            Example 37                                                                           80  20 -- --  -- "       "     2500                                                                              105                                                                               2600 110                            Example 38                                                                           60  40 -- --  -- "       "     2100                                                                              120                                                                               2200 130                            Example 39                                                                           70  -- 30 --  -- "       "     "  80 "    90                             Example 40                                                                           "   -- -- 30  -- "       "     2400                                                                              90 2500 100                            Example 41                                                                           "   -- -- --  30 "       "     2900                                                                              140                                                                               2900 145                            Example 42                                                                           "   20 10 --  -- "       "     1800                                                                              45 1900 55                             Example 43                                                                           60  10 "  10  10 "       "     2300                                                                              100                                                                               2100 110                            Example 44                                                                           70  -- 30 --  -- S       "     2600                                                                              "  2800 "                              Example 45                                                                           "   20 10 --  -- "       "     2100                                                                              80 2200 90                             Control 15                                                                           "   30 -- --  -- --            1250                                                                              10 3400 135                            Control 16                                                                             99.5                                                                             0.5                                                                               -- --  -- P       0.8   4700                                                                              560                                                                               5000 570                            Control 17                                                                           30  70 -- --  -- "       "     3700                                                                              400                                                                               3800 420                            Control 18                                                                           70  30 -- --  -- "       "     1600                                                                              30 2900 90                             Control 19                                                                           "   20 10 --  -- "       "     1700                                                                              50 2800 120                            __________________________________________________________________________

                                      TABLE 8                                      __________________________________________________________________________                                  SINTERING                  HEATING                                      SHAPING                                                                               TEMPERA-                                                                              SINTERING     CONSIS-                                                                              TEMPERA-               COMPOSITION           PRESSURE                                                                              TURE   TIME          TENCY TURE                   ZnO      WO.sub.3                                                                          MoO.sub.3                                                                          BINDER                                                                               (Kg/cm.sup.2)                                                                         (°C.)                                                                          (hr)   SOLUTION                                                                              (wt %)                                                                               (°C.)           __________________________________________________________________________     Example 46                                                                           69.3                                                                              -- 30.7                                                                               PVA   1,000  1000   1      Triethyl                                                                              18    550                                                               Phosphate                           Example 47                                                                           "     "   "     "      "      "      Ethyl  35    "                                                                 Sulfide                             Example 48                                                                           83.6                                                                              -- 16.4                                                                               "     "      "      "      Triethyl                                                                              18    550                                                               Phosphate                           Example 49                                                                           45.9                                                                              -- 55.1                                                                               "     "      "      "      "      "     "                      Example 50                                                                           58.4                                                                              41.6                                                                              --  "     "      "      "      "      "     "                      Example 51                                                                           63.4                                                                              22.6                                                                              14.0                                                                               "     "      "      "      "      "     "                      Control 20                                                                           69.3  30.7                                                                               "     "      "      "      --     --    --                     Control 21                                                                           91.5                                                                              --  8.5                                                                               "     "      "      "      Triethyl                                                                              18    550                                                               Phosphate                           Control 22                                                                           40.9                                                                              -- 59.1                                                                               "     "      "      "      "      "     "                      Control 23                                                                           69.3                                                                              -- 30.7                                                                               "     "      "      "      "      "     700                    __________________________________________________________________________

                                      TABLE 9                                      __________________________________________________________________________                                   INITIAL                                                                              1,000 Hours After                          COMPOSITION     SUPPORTING                                                                             AMOUNT                                                                               R.sub.1                                                                           R.sub.2                                                                           R.sub.1 '                                                                           R.sub.2 '                             ZnO      WO.sub.2                                                                          MoO.sub.3                                                                          MATERIAL                                                                               (wt %)                                                                               (KΩ)                                                                        (KΩ)                                                                        (KΩ)                                                                          (KΩ)                            __________________________________________________________________________     Example 46                                                                           80 -- 20  P       0.8   2700                                                                              160                                                                               2800 180                                   Example 47                                                                           "  -- "   S       0.9   3000                                                                              140                                                                               3100 160                                   Example 48                                                                           90 -- 10  P       0.8   3400                                                                              290                                                                               3600 310                                   Example 49                                                                           60 -- 40  "       "     3700                                                                              340                                                                               3900 360                                   Example 50                                                                           80 20 --  "       "     2400                                                                              210                                                                               2500 220                                   Example 51                                                                           "  10 10  "       "     2600                                                                              190                                                                               2800 210                                   Control 20                                                                           "     20  --      --    2200                                                                              100                                                                               6400 460                                   Control 21                                                                           95 --  5  P       0.8   6700                                                                              850                                                                               6800 860                                   Control 22                                                                           55 -- 45  "       "     4400                                                                              560                                                                               4600 600                                   Control 23                                                                           80 -- 20  "       "     2500                                                                              130                                                                               4200 340                                   __________________________________________________________________________

                                      TABLE 10                                     __________________________________________________________________________                                   SINTERING                 HEATING                                       SHAPING                                                                               TEMPERA-                                                                              SINTERING    CONSIS-                                                                              TEMPERA-               COMPOSITION            PRESSURE                                                                              TURE   TIME   SOLU- TENCY TURE                   ZnO      Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3                                                                   Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3                                                                   BINDER                                                                               (Kg/cm.sup.2)                                                                         (°C.)                                                                          (hr)   TION  (wt %)                                                                               (°C.)           __________________________________________________________________________     Example 52                                                                           82.8                                                                              17.2                                                                               --  PVA   1000   1200   2      Triethyl                                                                             18    550                                                                Phosphate                          Example 53                                                                           "  "   --  "     "      "      "      Ethyl 35    "                                                                  Sulfide                            Example 54                                                                           98.1                                                                              1.9 --  "     "      "      "      Triethyl                                                                             18    "                                                                  Phosphate                          Example 55                                                                           44.5                                                                              55.5                                                                               --  "     "      "      "      "     20    "                      Example 56                                                                           67.1                                                                              --  22.9                                                                               "     "      "      "      "     "     "                      Example 57                                                                           67.6                                                                              15.8                                                                               16.6                                                                               "     "      "      "      "     16    "                      Example 58                                                                           "  "   "   "     "      "      "      Diethyl                                                                              35    "                                                                  Sulfide                            Control 24                                                                           82.8                                                                              17.2                                                                               --  "     "      "      "      --    --    --                     Control 25                                                                           99.1                                                                              0.9 --  "     "      "      "      Ethyl 18    550                                                                Sulfide                            Control 26                                                                           39.6                                                                              60.4                                                                               --  "     "      "      "      "     "     "                      Control 27                                                                           82.8                                                                              17.2                                                                               --  -     -      -      -      -     -     700                    Control 28                                                                           67.6                                                                              15.8                                                                               16.6                                                                               "     "      "      "      "     "     "                      __________________________________________________________________________

                                      TABLE 11                                     __________________________________________________________________________                                    INITIAL                                                                              1,000 Hours After                         COMPOSITION      SUPPORTING                                                                             AMOUNT                                                                               R.sub.1                                                                           R.sub.2                                                                           R'.sub.1                                                                            R'.sub.2                             ZnO      Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3                                                                   Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3                                                                   MATERIAL                                                                               (wt %)                                                                               (KΩ)                                                                        (KΩ)                                                                        (KΩ)                                                                          (KΩ)                           __________________________________________________________________________     Example 52                                                                           90 10  --  P       0.8   2500                                                                               67                                                                               2600  72                                  Example 53                                                                           90 10  --  S       0.9   2800                                                                               85                                                                               2900 100                                  Example 54                                                                           99 1   --  P       0.8   3900                                                                              270                                                                               4300 310                                  Example 55                                                                           60 40  --  P       0.7   3600                                                                              240                                                                               3700 270                                  Example 56                                                                           80 --  20  P       0.8   3200                                                                              120                                                                               3300 135                                  Example 57                                                                           80 10  10  P       0.8   2300                                                                               45                                                                               2400  50                                  Example 58                                                                           80 10  10  S       0.8   2500                                                                              110                                                                               2600 120                                  Control 24                                                                           90 10  --  --      --    1700                                                                               25                                                                               7300 185                                  Control 25                                                                           99.5                                                                              0.5 --  S       0.8   5700                                                                              680                                                                               5900 730                                  Control 26                                                                           55 45  --  S       0.8   4900                                                                              560                                                                               5000 580                                  Control 27                                                                           90 10  --  S       0.7   2100                                                                               40                                                                               4200 320                                  Control 28                                                                           80 10  10  S       0.7   1900                                                                               70                                                                               4500 390                                  __________________________________________________________________________

                                      TABLE 12                                     __________________________________________________________________________                                 SINTERING                   HEATING                                     SHAPING                                                                               TEMPERA-                                                                              SINTERING     CON-   TEMPERA-               COMPOSITION          PRESSURE                                                                              TURE   TIME          SISTENCY                                                                              TURE                   ZnO       V.sub.2 O.sub.3                                                                     BINDER                                                                               (Kg/cm.sup.2)                                                                         (°C.)                                                                          (hr)   SOLUTION                                                                              (wt %) (°C.)           __________________________________________________________________________     Example 59                                                                           80.1                                                                               19.9 PVA   1,000  1100   0.5    Triethyl                                                                              18     550                                                              Phosphate                            Example 60                                                                           80.1                                                                               19.9 "     "      "      "      Ethyl  35                                                                      Sulfide                              Example 61                                                                           89.5                                                                               10.5 "     "      "      "      Triethyl                                                                              18     500                                                              Phosphate                            Example 62                                                                           71.7                                                                               28.3 "     "      "      "      Triethyl                                                                              18     500                                                              Phosphate                            Control 29                                                                           80.1                                                                               19.9 "     "      "      "      --     --     --                     Control 30                                                                           95.6                                                                                4.4 "     "      "      "      Triethyl                                                                              18     500                                                              Phosphate                            Control 31                                                                           64.1                                                                               35.9 "     "      "      "      Triethyl                                                                              18     500                                                              Phosphate                            Control 32                                                                           80.1                                                                               19.9 "     "      "      "      Triethyl                                                                              18     700                                                              Phosphate                            __________________________________________________________________________

                                      TABLE 13                                     __________________________________________________________________________                                  INITIAL                                                                              1,000 Hours After                           COMPOSITION    SUPPORTING                                                                             AMOUNT                                                                               R.sub.1                                                                           R.sub.2                                                                           R'.sub.1                                                                            R'.sub.2                               ZnO       V.sub.2 O.sub.5                                                                     MATERIAL                                                                               (wt %)                                                                               (KΩ)                                                                        (KΩ)                                                                        (KΩ)                                                                          (KΩ)                             __________________________________________________________________________     Example 59                                                                           90  10   P       0.8   3200                                                                              270                                                                               3200 280                                    Example 60                                                                           90  10   S       0.9   3500                                                                              240                                                                               3600 240                                    Example 61                                                                           95   5   P       0.8   5000                                                                              240                                                                               5100 250                                    Example 62                                                                           85  15   P       0.8   4100                                                                              290                                                                               4200 310                                    Control 29                                                                           90  10   --      --    3000                                                                              100                                                                               6300 290                                    Control 30                                                                           98   2   P       0.8   8000                                                                              900                                                                               8000 950                                    Control 31                                                                           80  20   P       0.8   7500                                                                              800                                                                               7700 830                                    Control 32                                                                           90  10   P       0.8   3000                                                                              260                                                                               4000 650                                    __________________________________________________________________________

                                      TABLE 14                                     __________________________________________________________________________                                            Sintering          Heating                                                Shaping                                                                             Temp-                                                                               Sintering                                                                               Con- Temp-                COMPOSITION                       Pressure                                                                            erature                                                                             Time Solu-                                                                              sistency                                                                            erature              SnO.sub.2                                                                               MgO                                                                               CaO                                                                               CoO                                                                               MnO                                                                               SrO                                                                               NiO                                                                               CuO                                                                               Binder                                                                             (Kg/cm.sup.2)                                                                       (°C.)                                                                        (hr) tion                                                                               (wt                                                                                 (°C.)         __________________________________________________________________________     Example 63                                                                           89.0                                                                              -- -- 11.0                                                                              -- -- -- -- PVA 1000 1200 2    Tri-                                                                               18   550                                                                   ethyl                                                                          Phos-                                                                          phate                         Example 64                                                                           89.0                                                                              -- -- 11.0                                                                              -- -- -- -- "   "    "    "    Ethyl                                                                              35   550                                                                   Sulfide                       Example 65                                                                           99.95                                                                             -- -- 0.05                                                                              -- -- -- -- "   "    "    "    Tri-                                                                               18   500                                                                   ethyl                                                                          Phos-                                                                          phate                         Example 66                                                                           94.8                                                                              -- -- 5.2                                                                               -- -- -- -- "   "    "    "    Tri-                                                                               "    "                                                                     ethyl                                                                          Phos-                                                                          phate                         Example 67                                                                           75.1                                                                              -- -- 24.9                                                                              -- -- -- -- "   "    "    "    Tri-                                                                               "    "                                                                     ethyl                                                                          Phos-                                                                          phate                         Example 68                                                                           66.8                                                                              -- -- 33.2                                                                              -- -- -- -- "   "    "    "    Tri-                                                                               "    "                                                                     ethyl                                                                          Phos-                                                                          phate                         Example 69                                                                           90.8                                                                              -- 3.8                                                                               -- 5.4                                                                               -- -- -- "   "    "    "    Tri-                                                                               "    "                                                                     ethyl                                                                          Phos-                                                                          phate                         Example 70                                                                           82.8                                                                              3.2                                                                               -- -- -- 8.1                                                                               5.9                                                                               -- "   "    "    "    Tri-                                                                               "    "                                                                     ethyl                                                                          Phos-                                                                          phate                         Example 71                                                                           83.7                                                                              -- 4.0                                                                               5.9                                                                               -- -- -- 6.4                                                                               "   "    "    "    Tri-                                                                               "    "                                                                     ethyl                                                                          Phos-                                                                          phate                         Example 72                                                                           86.8                                                                              -- -- -- -- 7.5                                                                               -- 5.7                                                                               "   "    "    "    Ethyl                                                                              35   "                                                                     Sulfide                       Example 73                                                                           90.6                                                                              -- 3.8                                                                               -- -- -- 5.6                                                                               -- "   "    "    "    Ethyl                                                                              "    "                                                                     Sulfide                       Control 33                                                                           89.0                                                                              -- -- 11.0                                                                              -- -- -- -- "   "    "    "        --   --                   Control 34                                                                           57.3                                                                              -- -- 42.7                                                                              -- -- -- -- "   "    "    "    Tri-                                                                               18   500                                                                   ethyl                                                                          Phos-                                                                          phate                         Control 35                                                                           89.0                                                                              -- -- 11.0                                                                              -- -- -- -- "   "    "    "    Tri-                                                                               "    700                                                                   ethyl                                                                          Phos-                                                                          phate                         Control 36                                                                           83.7                                                                              -- 4.0                                                                               5.9                                                                               -- -- -- 6.4                                                                               "   "    "    "    Tri-                                                                               "    "                                                                     ethyl                                                                          Phos-                                                                          phate                         __________________________________________________________________________

                                      TABLE 15                                     __________________________________________________________________________                                                  INITIAL 1,000 Hours After         COMPOSITION                   SUPPORTING                                                                             AMOUNT R.sub.1                                                                            R.sub.2                                                                            R'.sub.1                                                                            R'.sub.2             SnO.sub.2                                                                               MgO                                                                               CaO                                                                               CoO                                                                               MnO                                                                               SrO                                                                               NiO                                                                               CuO                                                                               MATERIAL                                                                               (wt %) (KΩ)                                                                         (KΩ)                                                                         (KΩ)                                                                          (KΩ)           __________________________________________________________________________     Example 63                                                                           80 -- -- 20 -- -- -- -- P       0.8     920                                                                               25   940 30                   Example 64                                                                           80 -- -- 20 -- -- -- -- S       0.9    1300                                                                               40  1400 50                   Example 65                                                                           99.9                                                                              -- -- 0.1                                                                               -- -- -- -- P       0.7    1200                                                                               35  1300 40                   Example 66                                                                           90 -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- "       0.8     960                                                                               30   980 40                   Example 67                                                                           60 -- -- 40 -- -- -- -- "       "      1300                                                                               70  1400 80                   Example 68                                                                           50 -- -- 50 -- -- -- -- "       "      2000                                                                               120 2200 140                  Example 69                                                                           80 -- 10 -- 10 -- -- -- "       "       970                                                                               30   980 40                   Example 70                                                                           70 10 -- -- -- 10 10 -- "       "      1100                                                                               70  1200 80                   Example 71                                                                           70 -- 10 10 -- -- -- 10 "       "      1400                                                                               60  1500 80                   Example 72                                                                           80 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 10 S       0.9    1500                                                                               80  1600 90                   Example 73                                                                           80 -- 10 -- -- -- 10 -- "       "      1600                                                                               100 1700 110                  Control 33                                                                           80 -- -- 20 -- -- -- -- --              810                                                                               20  2300 62                   Control 34                                                                           40 -- -- 60 -- -- -- -- P       0.8    2900                                                                               340 3100 380                  Control 35                                                                           80 -- -- 20 -- -- -- -- "       "       900                                                                               30  1500 90                   Control 36                                                                           70 -- 10 10 -- -- -- 10 "       "      1300                                                                               50  2700 210                  __________________________________________________________________________

                                      TABLE 16                                     __________________________________________________________________________                                                             HEATING                                      SHAPING                     CONSIS-                                                                              TEMPERA-               COMPOSITION           PRESSURE                                                                              SINTERING                                                                             SINTERING     TENCY TURE                   SnO.sub.2                                                                               WO.sub.3                                                                          MoO.sub.3                                                                          BINDER                                                                               (Kg/cm.sup.2)                                                                         (°C.)                                                                          (hr)   SOLUTION                                                                              (wt %)                                                                               (°C.)           __________________________________________________________________________     Example 74                                                                           85.4                                                                              14.6                                                                              --  PVA   1000   1200   2      Triethyl                                                                              18    550                                                               Phosphate                           Example 75                                                                           85.4                                                                              14.6                                                                              --  "     "      "      "      Ethyl  35    "                                                                 Sulfide                             Example 76                                                                           99.8                                                                               0.2                                                                              --  "     "      "      "      Triethyl                                                                              18    "                                                                 Phosphate                           Example 77                                                                           72.2                                                                              27.8                                                                              --  "     "      "      "      Triethyl                                                                              "     "                                                                 Phosphate                           Example 78                                                                           60.3                                                                              39.7                                                                              --  "     "      "      "      Triethyl                                                                              "     "                                                                 Phosphate                           Example 79                                                                           49.4                                                                              50.6                                                                              --  "     "      "      "      Triethyl                                                                              "     "                                                                 Phosphate                           Example 80                                                                           90.4                                                                              -- 9.6 "     "      "      "      Triethyl                                                                              "     "                                                                 Phosphate                           Example 81                                                                           76.3                                                                              14.6                                                                              9.1 "     "      "      "      Triethyl                                                                              "     "                                                                 Phosphate                           Example 82                                                                           90.4                                                                              -- 9.6 "     "      "      "      Ethyl  35    "                                                                 Sulfide                             Control 37                                                                           85.4                                                                              14.6                                                                              --  "     "      "      "      --     --    --                     Control 38                                                                           39.4                                                                              60.6                                                                              --  "     "      "      "      Triethyl                                                                              18    550                                                               Phosphate                           Control 39                                                                           85.4                                                                              14.6                                                                              --  "     "      "      "      Triethyl                                                                              "     700                                                               Phosphate                           Control 40                                                                           90.4                                                                              -- 9.6 "     "      "      "      Triethyl                                                                              "     "                                                                 Phosphate                           __________________________________________________________________________

                                      TABLE 17                                     __________________________________________________________________________                                   INITIAL                                                                              1,000 Hours After                          COMPOSITION     SUPPORTING                                                                             AMOUNT                                                                               R.sub.1                                                                           R.sub.2                                                                           R'.sub.1                                                                            R'.sub.2                              SnO.sub.2                                                                               WO.sub.3                                                                          MoO.sub.3                                                                          MATERIAL                                                                               (wt %)                                                                               (KΩ)                                                                        (KΩ)                                                                        (KΩ)                                                                          (KΩ)                            __________________________________________________________________________     Example 74                                                                           90 10 --  P       0.7   2800                                                                              105                                                                               2900 120                                   Example 75                                                                           90 10 --  S       0.9   2900                                                                               70                                                                               3000  80                                   Example 76                                                                           99.9                                                                              0.1                                                                               --  P       0.7   3700                                                                              190                                                                               3900 200                                   Example 77                                                                           80 20 --  "       "     2300                                                                               70                                                                               2400  80                                   Example 78                                                                           70 30 --  "       "     2500                                                                               90                                                                               2600 100                                   Example 79                                                                           60 40 --  "       "     3000                                                                              140                                                                               3100 150                                   Example 80                                                                           90 -- 10  "       "     2200                                                                               90                                                                               2300  95                                   Example 81                                                                           80 10 10  "       "     1700                                                                               55                                                                               1800  60                                   Example 82                                                                           90 -- 10  S       "     3100                                                                               80                                                                               3200  90                                   Control 37                                                                           90 10 --  --      --    2100                                                                               86                                                                               3400 290                                   Control 38                                                                           50 50 --  P       --    3400                                                                              390                                                                               3500 400                                   Control 39                                                                           90 10 --  "       --    2400                                                                               80                                                                               3600 350                                   Control 40                                                                           90 -- 10  "       --    2600                                                                              140                                                                               3800 560                                   __________________________________________________________________________

                                      TABLE 18                                     __________________________________________________________________________                                       Sintering              Heating                                          Shaping                                                                               Temp-                                                                               Sintering         Temp-                 Composition                Pressure                                                                              erature                                                                             Time        Consistency                                                                          erature               SnO.sub.2                                                                               Al.sub.2 O.sub.2                                                                   Ga.sub.2 O.sub.3                                                                   In.sub.2 O.sub.3                                                                   Binder                                                                               (Kg/cm.sup.2)                                                                         (°C.)                                                                        (hr) Solution                                                                              (wt %)                                                                               (°C.)          __________________________________________________________________________     Example 83                                                                           76.4                                                                              --  23.6                                                                               --  PVA   1000   1200 12   Triethyl                                                                              18    500                                                               Phosphate                          Example 84                                                                           76.4                                                                              --  23.6                                                                               --  "     "      "    "    Ethyl  35    500                                                               Sulfide                            Example 85                                                                           99.9                                                                              --   0.1                                                                               --  "     "      "    "    Triethyl                                                                              18    "                                                                 Phosphate                          Example 86                                                                           79.0                                                                              --  21.0                                                                               --  "     "      "    "    Triethyl                                                                              "     "                                                                 Phosphate                          Example 87                                                                           65.3                                                                              --  44.7                                                                               --  "     "      "    "    Triethyl                                                                              "     "                                                                 Phosphate                          Example 88                                                                           54.8                                                                              --  45.2                                                                               --  "     "      "    "    Triethyl                                                                              "     "                                                                 Phosphate                          Example 89                                                                           68.5                                                                              --  --  31.5                                                                               "      800   "    "    Triethyl                                                                              "     "                                                                 Phosphate                          Example 90                                                                           80.7                                                                              6.8 12.5                                                                               --  "     "      "    "    Triethyl                                                                              "     "                                                                 Phosphate                          Example 91                                                                           64.5                                                                              6.4 11.7                                                                               17.4                                                                               "     1000   "    "    Ethyl  35    "                                                                 Sulfide                            Control 41                                                                           76.4                                                                              --  23.6                                                                               --  "     "      "    "           --    --                    Control 42                                                                           44.6                                                                              --  55.4                                                                               --  "     "      "    "    Triethyl                                                                              18    500                                                               Phosphate                          Control 43                                                                           76.4                                                                              --  23.6                                                                               --  "     "      "    "    Triethyl                                                                              "     700                                                               Phosphate                          Control 44                                                                           68.5                                                                              --  --  31.5                                                                               "     "      "    "    Triethyl                                                                              "     "                                                                 Phosphate                          __________________________________________________________________________

                                      TABLE 19                                     __________________________________________________________________________                                        INITIAL                                                                              1,000 Hours After                     COMPOSITION          SUPPORTING                                                                             AMOUNT                                                                               R.sub.1                                                                           R.sub.2                                                                           R'.sub.1                                                                            R'.sub.2                         SnO.sub.2                                                                               Al.sub.2 O.sub.3                                                                   Ga.sub.2 O.sub.3                                                                   In.sub.2 O.sub.3                                                                   MATERIAL                                                                               (wt %)                                                                               (KΩ)                                                                        (KΩ)                                                                        (KΩ)                                                                          (KΩ)                       __________________________________________________________________________     Example 83                                                                           80 --  20  --  P       0.7   2200                                                                              65 2400  80                              Example 84                                                                           80 --  20  --  S       1.1   2800                                                                              70 3000  80                              Example 85                                                                           99.9                                                                              --  0.1 --  P       1.6   3400                                                                              95 3500 110                              Example 86                                                                           90 --  10  --  "       1.2   2700                                                                              80 2900 100                              Example 87                                                                           70 --  30  --  "       0.6   1300                                                                              40 1400  50                              Example 88                                                                           60 --  40  --  "       0.5    980                                                                              60  990  65                              Example 89                                                                           80 --  --  20  "       0.5   2900                                                                              90 3000 100                              Example 90                                                                           80 10  10  --  "       0.9   3200                                                                              80 3300  90                              Example 91                                                                           70 10  10  10  S       1.5   3400                                                                              100                                                                               3500 120                              Control 41                                                                           80 --  20  --  --      --    1700                                                                              20 6600 250                              Control 42                                                                           50 --  50  --  P       0.5    300                                                                              90  310 115                              Control 43                                                                           80 --  20  --  "       0.6   2100                                                                              45 1100 250                              Control 44                                                                           80 --  --  20  "       0.7   2500                                                                              70 5100 310                              __________________________________________________________________________

                                      TABLE 20                                     __________________________________________________________________________                                      SIN-                                                                           TERING                  HEATING                                          SHAPING                                                                              TEM-  SIN-              TEM-                                             PRES- PERA- TERING      CONSIS-                                                                              PERA-                 COMPOSITION                SURE  TURE  TIME  SOLU- TENCY TURE                  SnO.sub.2                                                                               V.sub.2 O.sub.5                                                                    Nb.sub.2 O.sub.5                                                                   Ta.sub.2 O.sub.5                                                                   BINDER                                                                               (Kg/cm.sup.2)                                                                        (°C.)                                                                         (hr)  TION  (wt %)                                                                               (°C.)          __________________________________________________________________________     Example 92                                                                           88.2                                                                              11.8                                                                               --  --  PVA   1000  1200  2     Triethyl                                                                             18    550                                                                Phosphate                         Example 93                                                                           "  "   --  --  "     "     "     "     Ethyl 35    "                                                                  Sulfide                           Example 94                                                                           99.9                                                                               0.1                                                                               --  --  "     "     "     "     Triethyl                                                                             18    550                                                                Phosphate                         Example 95                                                                           76.8                                                                              23.2                                                                               --  --  "     "     "     "     Triethyl                                                                             "     "                                                                  Phosphate                         Example 96                                                                           71.3                                                                              28.7                                                                               --  --  "     "     "     "     Triethyl                                                                             "     "                                                                  Phosphate                         Example 97                                                                           83.6                                                                              --  16.4                                                                               --  "     "     "     "     Triethyl                                                                             "     "                                                                  Phosphate                         Example 98                                                                           75.5                                                                              --  --  24.5                                                                               "     "     "     "     Triethyl                                                                             "     "                                                                  Phosphate                         Example 99                                                                           72.9                                                                              11.0                                                                               16.1                                                                               --  "     "     "     "     Triethyl                                                                             "     "                                                                  Phosphate                         Control 45                                                                           88.2                                                                              11.8                                                                               --  --  "     "     "     "           --    --                    Control 46                                                                           65.9                                                                              34.1                                                                               --  --  "     "     "     "     Triethyl                                                                             18    550                                                                Phosphate                         Control 47                                                                           88.2                                                                              11.8                                                                               --  --  "     "     "     "     Triethyl                                                                             "     700                                                                Phosphate                         Control 48                                                                           83.6                                                                              --  16.4                                                                               --  "     "     "     "     Triethyl                                                                             "     "                                                                  Phosphate                         __________________________________________________________________________

                                      TABLE 21                                     __________________________________________________________________________            COMPOSITION        SUPPORTING                                                                             AMOUNT INITIAL    1,000 Hours After                 SnO.sub.2                                                                          V.sub.2 O.sub.5                                                                      Nb.sub.2 O.sub.5                                                                   Ta.sub.2 O.sub.5                                                                    MATERIAL                                                                               (wt %) R.sub.1 (KΩ)                                                                  R.sub.2 (KΩ)                                                                   R'.sub.1                                                                            R'.sub.2                                                                       (KΩ)            __________________________________________________________________________     Example 92                                                                            90  10    --  --   P       0.6    2000 80    2200  90                   Example 93                                                                            90  10    --  --   S       1.0    4900 87    5100  91                   Example 94                                                                              99.9                                                                             0.1   --  --   P       1.2    1700 50    1800  60                   Example 95                                                                            80  20    --  --   P       0.5    2800 140   2900 150                   Example 96                                                                            75  25    --  --   P       0.4    3700 230   3900 250                   Example 97                                                                            90  --    10  --   P       0.8    2400 90    2500 110                   Example 98                                                                            90  --    --  10   P       1.0    2300 110   2400 120                   Example 99                                                                            80  10    10  --   P       0.7    3100 240   3200 260                   Control 45                                                                            90  10    --  --   --      --     1600 27    2900 180                   Control 46                                                                            70  30    --  --   P       0.4    4400 580   4600 600                   Control 47                                                                            90  10    --  --   P       0.6    1800 70    3900 240                   Control 48                                                                            90  --    10  --   P       0.8    2100 90    3800 230                   __________________________________________________________________________

                                      TABLE 22                                     __________________________________________________________________________                               SHAPING                                                                              SINTERING                                                                             SIN-        CON- HEATING                                          PRES- TEMPERA-                                                                              TERING      SIS- TEMPERA-               COMPOSITION           BIND-                                                                              SURE  TURE   TIME SOLU-                                                                           TENCY TURE                        Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3                                                                         MgO                                                                               NiO                                                                               CoO                                                                               MnO                                                                               ER  (Kg/cm.sup.2)                                                                        (°C.)                                                                          (hr)  TION  (wt %)                                                                              (°C.)           __________________________________________________________________________     Example                                                                              82.7                                                                               -- 17.3                                                                              -- -- PVA 1000  1300   2     Triethyl                                                                             18   550                    100                                          Phosphate                         Example                                                                              82.7                                                                               -- 17.3                                                                              -- -- "   1000  "      "     Ethyl 35   550                    101                                          Sulfide                           Example                                                                              89.1                                                                               -- 10.9                                                                              -- -- "   2000  "      "     Triethyl                                                                             18   550                    102                                          Phosphate                         Example                                                                              67.0                                                                               -- 33.0                                                                              -- -- "    500  "      "     Triethyl                                                                              9   550                    103                                          Phosphate                         Example                                                                              46.5                                                                               -- 53.5                                                                              -- -- "   1000  "      "     Triethyl                                                                             18   550                    104                                          Phosphate                         Example                                                                              89.8                                                                               10.2                                                                              -- -- -- "   1500  "      "     Triethyl                                                                             18   550                    105                                          Phosphate                         Example                                                                              82.5                                                                               -- -- 17.5                                                                              -- "   1000  "      "     Triethyl                                                                             18   550                    106                                          Phosphate                         Example                                                                              82.9                                                                               -- 11.6                                                                              -- 5.5                                                                               "   1000  "      "     Triethyl                                                                             18   550                    107                                          Phosphate                         Example                                                                              89.8                                                                               10.2                                                                              -- -- -- "   2000  "      "     Diethyl                                                                              35   550                    108                                          Sulfide                           Control 49                                                                           82.7                                                                               -- 17.3                                                                              -- -- "   1000  "      "     --    --   --                     Control 50                                                                           94.8                                                                               --  5.2                                                                              -- -- "   2000  "      "     Triethyl                                                                             18   550                                                                 Phosphate                         Control 51                                                                           33.7                                                                               -- 66.3                                                                              -- -- "    800  "      "     Triethyl                                                                             18   550                                                                 Phosphate                         Control 52                                                                           82.6                                                                               -- 17.4                                                                              -- -- "   1000  "      "     Triethyl                                                                             18   700                                                                 Phosphate                         Control 53                                                                           82.5                                                                               -- -- 17.5                                                                              -- "   1000  "      "     Triethyl                                                                             18   700                                                                 Phosphate                         __________________________________________________________________________

                                      TABLE 23                                     __________________________________________________________________________            COMPOSITION        SUPPORTING                                                                             AMOUNT INITIAL    1,000 Hours After                 Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3                                                                    MgO                                                                               NiO CoO                                                                               MnO MATERIAL                                                                               (wt %) R.sub.1 (KΩ)                                                                  R.sub.2 (KΩ)                                                                   R'.sub.1                                                                            R'.sub.2                                                                       (KΩ)            __________________________________________________________________________     Example 100                                                                           70   -- 30  -- --  P       0.8    2900 35    3100  45                   Example 101                                                                           70   -- 30  -- --  S       1.2    3400 60    3500  70                   Example 102                                                                           80   -- 20  -- --  P       0.7    4700 190   4900 200                   Example 103                                                                           50   -- 50  -- --  P       0.1    3200 60    3300  80                   Example 104                                                                           30   -- 70  -- --  P       0.6    3400 170   3600 180                   Example 105                                                                           70   30 --  -- --  P       2.0    3200 40    3400  50                   Example 106                                                                           70   -- --  30 --  P       1.5    3400 60    3500  80                   Example 107                                                                           70   -- 20  -- 10  P       1.2    3200 45    3300  60                   Example 108                                                                           70   30 --  -- --  S       2.0    3600 90    3800 100                   Control 49                                                                            70   -- 30  -- --  --      --     1900 13    3400 150                   Control 50                                                                            90   -- 10  -- --  P       0.3    8900 560   9200 600                   Control 51                                                                            20   -- 80  -- --  P       0.6    3800 420   3900 430                   Control 52                                                                            70   -- 30  -- --  P       1.0    2600 30    5100 150                   Control 53                                                                            70   -- --  30 --  P       1.8    3100 45    3200  60                   __________________________________________________________________________

                                      TABLE 24                                     __________________________________________________________________________                               SHAPING                                                                              SINTERING                                                                             SIN-        CON- HEATING                                          PRES- TEMPERA-                                                                              TERING      SIS- TEMPERA-               COMPOSITION           BIND-                                                                              SURE  TURE   TIME  SOLU- TENCY                                                                               TURE                   Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3                                                                        TiO.sub.2                                                                         SnO.sub.2                                                                         ZrO.sub.2                                                                          SiO.sub.2                                                                         ER  (Kg/cm.sup.2)                                                                        (°C.)                                                                          (hr)  TION  (wt %)                                                                              (°C.)           __________________________________________________________________________     Example                                                                             60.2                                                                               -- 39.8                                                                              --  -- PVA 1,000 1300   2     Triethyl                                                                             18   550                    109                                          Phosphate                         Example                                                                             60.2                                                                               -- 39.8                                                                              --  -- "   "     "      "     Ethyl 35   550                    110                                          Sulfide                           Example                                                                             80.1                                                                               -- 19.9                                                                              --  -- "   "     "      "     Triethyl                                                                             18   550                    111                                          Phosphate                         Example                                                                             40.2                                                                               -- 59.8                                                                              --  -- "   "     "      "     Triethyl                                                                             18   550                    112                                          Phosphate                         Example                                                                             74.0                                                                               26.0                                                                              -- --  -- "   "     "      "     Triethyl                                                                             18   550                    113                                          Phosphate                         Example                                                                             62.5                                                                               -- 20.7                                                                              16.8                                                                               -- "   "     "      "     Triethyl                                                                             18   550                    114                                          Phosphate                         Example                                                                             68.4                                                                               -- 22.6                                                                              --  9.0                                                                               "   "     "      "     Triethyl                                                                             18   550                    115                                          Phosphate                         Example                                                                             74.0                                                                               26.0                                                                              -- --  -- "   "     "      "     Ethyl 35   550                    116                                          Sulfide                           Control                                                                             60.2                                                                               -- 39.8                                                                              --  -- "   "     "      "     --    --   --                     54                                                                             Control                                                                             90.1                                                                               --  9.9                                                                              --  -- "   "     "      "     Triethyl                                                                             18   550                    55                                           Phosphate                         Control                                                                             30.1                                                                               -- 69.9                                                                              --  -- "   "     "      "     Triethyl                                                                             18   550                    56                                           Phosphate                         Control                                                                             60.2                                                                               -- 39.8                                                                              --  -- "   "     "      "     Triethyl                                                                             18   700                    57                                           Phosphate                         Control                                                                             74.0                                                                               26.0                                                                              -- --  -- "   "     "      "     Triethyl                                                                             18   700                    58                                           Phosphate                         __________________________________________________________________________

                                      TABLE 25                                     __________________________________________________________________________            COMPOSITION         SUPPORTING                                                                             AMOUNT INITIAL    1,000 Hours After                Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3                                                                    TiO.sub.2                                                                         SnO.sub.2                                                                          ZrO.sub.2                                                                          SiO.sub.2                                                                          MATERIAL                                                                               (wt %) R.sub.1 (KΩ)                                                                  R.sub.2 (KΩ)                                                                   R'11                                                                                R'.sub.2                                                                       (KΩ)           __________________________________________________________________________     Example 109                                                                           60   -- 40  --  --  P       0.7    3500 120   3600 130                  Example 110                                                                           60   -- 40  --  --  S       0.8    3800 200   4000 210                  Example 111                                                                           80   -- 20  --  --  P       0.7    4400 190   4600 220                  Example 112                                                                           40   -- 60  --  --  P       0.7    2900 170   3100 180                  Example 113                                                                           60   40 --  --  --  P       0.7    4000 180   4100 200                  Example 114                                                                           60   -- 20  20  --  P       0.7    3200 140   3300 150                  Example 115                                                                           60   -- 20  --  20  P       0.7    2900 170   3100 190                  Example 116                                                                           60   40 --  --  --  S       0.8    4100 160   4200 170                  Control 54                                                                            60   -- 40  --  --  --      --     1700  80   6400 460                  Control 55                                                                            90   -- 10  --  --  P       0.7    8900 670   9200 690                  Control 56                                                                            30   -- 70  --  --  P       0.7    3400 360   3600 380                  Control 57                                                                            60   -- 40  --  --  P       0.7    2200 100   4900 620                  Control 58                                                                            60   40 --  --  --  P       0.7    3000 105   5300 450                  __________________________________________________________________________

                                      TABLE 26                                     __________________________________________________________________________                           SHAPING                                                                               SINTERING           CON-   HEATING                       COMPOSITION                                                                               BIND-                                                                              PRESSURE                                                                              TEMPERA-                                                                              SINTERING                                                                             SOLU- SISTENCY                                                                              TEMPERA-                      Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3                                                                   WO.sub.3                                                                          MoO.sub. 3                                                                         ER  (Kg/cm.sup.2)                                                                         TURE (°C.)                                                                     TIME (hr)                                                                             TION  (wt %) TURE                   __________________________________________________________________________                                                             (°C.)           Example 117                                                                           72.4                                                                               27.6                                                                              --  PVA 1,000  1200   2      Triethyl                                                                             18     550                                                               Phosphate                           Example 118                                                                           72.4                                                                               27.6                                                                              --  "   "      "      "      Ethyl 35     550                                                               Sulfide                             Example 119                                                                           85.5                                                                               14.5                                                                              --  "   "      "      "      Triethyl                                                                             18     550                                                               Phosphate                           Example 120                                                                           60.5                                                                               39.5                                                                              --  "   "      "      "      Triethyl                                                                             18     550                                                               Phosphate                           Example 121                                                                           49.6                                                                               50.4                                                                              --  "   "      "      "      Triethyl                                                                             20     550                                                               Phosphate                           Example 122                                                                           80.9                                                                               -- 19.1                                                                               "   "      "      "      Triethyl                                                                             20     550                                                               Phosphate                           Example 123                                                                           76.4                                                                               14.6                                                                               9.0                                                                               "   "      "      "      Triethyl                                                                             20     550                                                               Phosphate                           Example 124                                                                           80.9                                                                               -- 19.1                                                                               "   "      "      "      Ethyl 35     550                                                               Sulfide                             Control 59                                                                            72.4                                                                               27.6                                                                              --  "   "      "      "            --     --                     Control 60                                                                            92.6                                                                                7.4                                                                              --  "   "      "      "      Triethyl                                                                             18     550                                                               Phosphate                           Control 61                                                                            39.6                                                                               60.4                                                                              --  "   "      "      "      Triethyl                                                                             18     550                                                               Phosphate                           Control 62                                                                            72.4                                                                               27.6                                                                              --  "   "      "      "      Triethyl                                                                             18     700                                                               Phosphate                           Control 63                                                                            80.9                                                                               -- 19.1                                                                               "   "      "      "      Triethyl                                                                             18     700                                                               Phosphate                           __________________________________________________________________________

                                      TABLE 27                                     __________________________________________________________________________            COMPOSITION                                                                               SUPPORTING                                                                             AMOUNT                                                                               INITIAL   1,000 Hours After                           Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3                                                                   WO.sub.3                                                                          MoO.sub.3                                                                          MATERIAL                                                                               (wt %)                                                                               R.sub.1 (KΩ)                                                                  R.sub.2 (KΩ)                                                                  R'.sub.1 (KΩ)                                                                 R'.sub.2                        __________________________________________________________________________                                                    (KΩ)                      Example 117                                                                           80  20 --  P       0.8   1800 60   1900  75                             Example 118                                                                           80  20 --  S       0.9   2300 105  2400 120                             Example 119                                                                           90  10 --  P       0.8   2700 95   2800 100                             Example 120                                                                           70  30 --  P       0.7   2200 110  2300 120                             Example 121                                                                           60  40 --  P       0.7   3400 210  3600 220                             Example 122                                                                           80  -- 20  P       0.8   1900 90   2100 100                             Example 123                                                                           80  10 10  P       0.8   2000 70   2100  90                             Example 124                                                                           80  -- 20  S       0.8   2500 120  2600 130                             Control 59                                                                            80  20 --  --      --    1000 23   2900 210                             Control 60                                                                            95   5 --  P       0.8   6700 450  6800 170                             Control 61                                                                            50  50 --  P       0.6   4800 480  5000 490                             Control 62                                                                            80  20 --  P       0.8   1700 45   3000 230                             Control 63                                                                            80  -- 20  P       0.8   2200 80   1700 310                             __________________________________________________________________________

                                      TABLE 28                                     __________________________________________________________________________                              SHAPING                                                                              SINTERING           CON- HEATING                                         PRES- TEMPERA-                                                                              SINTERING    SIS- TEMPERA-               COMPOSITION          BIND-                                                                              SURE  TURE   TIME   SOLU- TENCY                                                                               TURE                   Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3                                                                        V.sub.2 O.sub.5                                                                    Nb.sub.2 O.sub.5                                                                   Ta.sub.2 O.sub.5                                                                   ER  (Kg/cm.sup.2)                                                                        (°C.)                                                                          (hr)   TION  (wt %)                                                                              (°C.)           __________________________________________________________________________     Example                                                                             77.0                                                                               23.0                                                                               --  --  PVA 1,000 1200   2      Triethyl                                                                             18   550                    125                                          Phosphate                         Example                                                                             77.0                                                                               23.0                                                                               --  --  "   "     "      "      Ethyl 35   550                    126                                          Sulfide                           Example                                                                             88.3                                                                               11.7                                                                               --  --  "   "     "      "      Triethyl                                                                             18   500                    127                                          Phosphate                         Example                                                                             66.1                                                                               33.9                                                                               --  --  "   "     "      "      Triethyl                                                                             20   500                    128                                          Phosphate                         Example                                                                             69.6                                                                               --  30.4                                                                               --  "   "     "      "      Triethyl                                                                             20   500                    129                                          Phosphate                         Example                                                                             57.9                                                                               --  --  42.1                                                                               "   "     "      "      Triethyl                                                                             20   500                    130                                          Phosphate                         Example                                                                             73.1                                                                               10.9                                                                               16.0                                                                               --  "   "     "      "      Triethyl                                                                             20   500                    131                                          Phosphate                         Example                                                                             67.2                                                                               10.1                                                                               --  22.7                                                                               "   "     "      "      Ethyl 18   500                    132                                          Sulfide                           Control                                                                             77.0                                                                               23.0                                                                               --  --  "   "     "      "      --    --   --                     64                                                                             Control                                                                             94.1                                                                                5.9                                                                               --  --  "   "     "      "      Triethyl                                                                             18   500                    65                                           Phosphate                         Control                                                                             55.6                                                                               44.4                                                                               --  --  "   "     "      "      Triethyl                                                                             18   500                    66                                           Phosphate                         Control                                                                             77.0                                                                               23.0                                                                               --  --  "   "     "      "      Triethyl                                                                             18   700                    67                                           Phosphate                         __________________________________________________________________________

                                      TABLE 29                                     __________________________________________________________________________            COMPOSITION        SUPPORTING                                                                             AMOUNT INITIAL    1,000 Hours After                 Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3                                                                    V.sub.2 O.sub.5                                                                    Nb.sub.2 O.sub.5                                                                    Ta.sub.2 O.sub.5                                                                    MATERIAL                                                                               (wt %) R.sub.1 (KΩ)                                                                  R.sub.2 (KΩ)                                                                   R'.sub.1                                                                            R'.sub.2                                                                       (KΩ)            __________________________________________________________________________     Example 125                                                                           80   20  --   --   P       0.8    3200 100   3300 110                   Example 126                                                                           80   20  --   --   S       0.8    3400  95   3500 110                   Example 127                                                                           90   10  --   --   P       0.7    4900 130   5000 150                   Example 128                                                                           70   30  --   --   P       0.7    2900 140   3000 150                   Example 129                                                                           80   --  20   --   P       0.7    3100 130   3200 140                   Example 130                                                                           80   --  --   20   P       0.7    2700 120   2800 130                   Example 131                                                                           80   10  10   --   P       0.7    3100 130    320 140                   Example 132                                                                           80   10  --   10   S       0.7    3300 170   3400 180                   Control 64                                                                            80   20  --   --   --      --     2100  71   8200 210                   Control 65                                                                            95    5  --   --   P       0.7    9300 940   9500 960                   Control 66                                                                            60   40  --   --   P       0.7    3900 410   4000 440                   Control 67                                                                            80   20  --   --   P       0.7    2900  80   5700 370                   __________________________________________________________________________ 

What is claimed is:
 1. A moisture sensitive element comprising:a porous metal oxide ceramic; and at least one of phosphorus and sulfur in at least one of a pure and oxide form, said at least one of phosphorus and sulfur being supported by said porous metal oxide ceramic.
 2. A moisture sensitive element according to claim 1, wherein the elemental amount of said at least one of phosphorus and sulfur is about 0.1 to about 2.0 weight percent.
 3. A moisture sensitive element according to claim 1, wherein said phosphorus and sulfur are both supported by said porous metal oxide ceramic, and the added amount of the combination of said phosphorus and sulfur is about 0.1 to about 2.0 weight percent.
 4. A moisture sensitive element according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the porous metal oxide ceramic is the metal oxide selected from the group consisting of ZnO, Fe₂ O₃, SnO₂, Cr₂ O₃, Fe₃ O₄, MgO.Cr₂ O₃, BaO.TiO₂ and MnO.Fe₂ O₃.
 5. A moisture sensitive element according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the porous metal oxide ceramic comprises about 70 to about 99 mole percent of ZnO and about 1 to about 30 mole percent of at least one metal oxide selected from the group consisting of MgO, CaO, CoO, and MnO.
 6. A moisture sensitive element according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the porous metal oxide ceramic comprises about 40 to about 99 mole percent of ZnO, and about 1 to about 60 mole percent of at least one metal oxide selected from the group consisting of TiO₂, SnO₂, ZrO₂ and SiO₂.
 7. A moisture sensitive element according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the porous metal oxide ceramics comprises about 60 to about 90 mole percent of ZnO and about 10 to about 40 mole percent of at least one either WO₃ or MoO₃.
 8. A moisture sensitive element according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the porous metal oxide ceramic comprises about 60 to about 99 mole percent of ZnO and about 1 to about 40 mole percent of at least either Cr₂ O₃ or Fe₂ O₃.
 9. A moisture sensitive element according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the porous metal oxide ceramic comprises about 85 to about 95 mole percent of ZnO and about 5 to about 15 mole percent of V₂ O₅.
 10. A moisture sensitive element according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the porous metal oxide ceramic comprises about 50 to about 99.9 mole percent of SnO₂ and about 0.1 to about 50 mole percent of at least one metal oxide selected from the group consisting of MgO, CaO, CoO, MnO, SrO, NiO and CuO.
 11. A moisture sensitive element according to claims 1 or 2, wherein the porous metal oxide ceramic comprises about 60 to about 99.9 mole percent of SnO₂ and about 0.1 to about 40 mole percent of at least either WO₃ or MoO₃.
 12. A moisture sensitive element according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the porous metal oxide ceramic comprises about 60 to about 99.9 mole percent of SnO₂ and about 0.1 to about 40 mole percent of at least one metal oxide selected from the group consisting of Al₂ O₃, Ga₂ O₃, and In₂ O₃.
 13. A moisture sensitive element according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the porous metal oxide ceramics comprises about 75 to about 99.9 mole percent of SnO₂ and about 0.1 to about 25 mole percent of at least one metal oxide selected from the group consisting of V₂ O₅, Nb₂ O₅ and Ta₂ O₅.
 14. A moisture sensitive element according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the porous metal oxide ceramic comprises about 30 to about 80 mole percent of Cr₂ O₃ and about 20 to about 70 mole percent of at least one metal oxide selected from the group consisting of MgO, NiO, CoO and MnO.
 15. A moisture sensitive element according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the porous metal oxide ceramic comprises about 40 to about 80 mole percent of Cr₂ O₃ and about 20 to about 60 mole percent of at least one metal oxide selected from the group consisting of TiO₂, SnO₂, ZrO₂ and SiO₂.
 16. A moisture sensitive element according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the porous metal oxide ceramic comprises about 60 to about 90 mole percent of Cr₂ O₃ and about 10 to about 30 mole percent of at least one of WO₃ and MoO₃.
 17. A moisture sensitive element according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the porous metal oxide ceramic comprises about 70 to about 90 moler percent of Cr₂ O₃ and about 10 to about 30 mole percent of at least one metal oxide selected from the group consisting of V₂ O₅, Nb₂ O₅ and Ta₂ O₅. 